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	<title>M92 &#8211; PekDar &#8211; Inżynieria Astrofotografii</title>
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	<title>M92 &#8211; PekDar &#8211; Inżynieria Astrofotografii</title>
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		<title>M92 – Najstarsza perła w koronie Herkulesa</title>
		<link>https://astrophotography.pekdar.net/m92-2/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[PekDar]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Dec 2019 20:30:47 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Astrofotografia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ewolucja gwiazd]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gromada kulista]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Herkules]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[M92]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Messier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NGC 6341]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://astrophotography.pekdar.net/?p=4213</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[M92 to zapomniana perła Herkulesa. Poznaj historię gromady liczącej 14 miliardów lat, dowiedz się, jak ją odnaleźć i jak fotografować, by nie prześwietlić jej gęstego jądra.]]></description>
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									<h2>M92 &#8211; W cieniu giganta</h2>
<p>Gdy kierujemy teleskopy w stronę gwiazdozbioru Herkulesa, wzrok niemal automatycznie wędruje ku M13. Jednak zaledwie kilka stopni dalej znajduje się <b data-path-to-node="15" data-index-in-node="173">M92 (NGC 6341)</b> – obiekt, który pod wieloma względami przewyższa swoją słynną sąsiadkę. Jest jaśniejsza w samym centrum i znacznie starsza.</p>
<h3>Kosmiczny Senior: Wiek 14 miliardów lat</h3>
<p data-path-to-node="16">M92 jest jedną z najstarszych znanych gromad kulistych w Drogi Mlecznej. Szacuje się, że jej wiek to około <b data-path-to-node="16" data-index-in-node="147">14.2 miliarda lat</b> (z błędem pomiarowym <span class="math-inline" data-math="\pm 1.2" data-index-in-node="186"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="mord">±</span><span class="mord">1.2</span></span></span></span></span> mld). Oznacza to, że M92 powstała niemal w tym samym czasie, co sam Wszechświat.</p>
<ul data-path-to-node="17">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="17,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="17,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Masa:</b> Około <span class="math-inline" data-math="3.3 \times 10^{5} M_{\odot}" data-index-in-node="12"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="mord">3.3</span><span class="mbin">×</span></span><span class="base"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">0<span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist"><span class=""><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">5</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">M</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist"><span class=""><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">⊙</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> (mas Słońca).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="17,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="17,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Metaliczność:</b> Jest niezwykle uboga w &#8222;metale&#8221; (pierwiastki cięższe od helu), co potwierdza jej archaiczne pochodzenie.</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<h3>Wyzwanie dla astrofotografa: Rozdzielczość Jądra</h3>
<p data-path-to-node="18">W przeciwieństwie do M13, M92 jest gromadą typu <b data-path-to-node="18" data-index-in-node="97">Oosterhoff II</b>, co przekłada się na bardzo gęste i jasne jądro.</p>
<ol start="1" data-path-to-node="19">
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="19,0,0"><b data-path-to-node="19,0,0" data-index-in-node="0">Dynamika obrazu:</b> Głównym problemem jest uniknięcie &#8222;wypalenia&#8221; środka gromady. Zamiast jednej długiej ekspozycji, warto zastosować technikę HDR lub po prostu skrócić czasy naświetlania kosztem większej ilości klatek.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="19,1,0"><b data-path-to-node="19,1,0" data-index-in-node="0">Skala obrazu:</b> Aby rozdzielić poszczególne gwiazdy w centrum, potrzebujesz długiej ogniskowej (powyżej 1000 mm) i doskonałego <i data-path-to-node="19,1,0" data-index-in-node="125">seeingu</i>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p data-path-to-node="19,2,0"><b data-path-to-node="19,2,0" data-index-in-node="0">Kolorystyka:</b> Zwróć uwagę na barwy gwiazd – dominują tu stare, żółte i czerwone olbrzymy, ale wprawne oko dostrzeże też błękitne gwiazdy &#8222;maruderów&#8221; (blue stragglers).</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p> </p>
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<p>Źródło: <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_92" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_92</a></p>
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<p>Zdjęcia: Marzec 2019 r.</p>
<p><!-- /wp:paragraph --></p>
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<ul>
<li>Skład: <a href="https://astrophotography.pekdar.net/astro-pixel-processor-podstawy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">APP</a> (7 najlepszych klatek),</li>
<li>Obróbka: GIMP v2.10.14 + dodatki (Linux),</li>
<li>Lights: 7 x 88[s],</li>
<li>ISO-1000; 30.3.2019,</li>
<li>Flats: 22 ISO-1000; 02.8.2019,</li>
<li>Bias: 20 ISO-1600; 02.8.2019</li>
</ul>
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